Our Vision
To Prolong Healthspan Alongside Lifespan
With advancements in science and changes in modern lifestyle, our life expectancy has steadily increased across generations.
However, this increase in lifespan hasn’t been matched by an equivalent extension of healthspan, which is the period of one’s life during which they are generally healthy and free from chronic disease.
Aging remains the biggest risk factor for poor health, bringing a prevalence of age-related issues that diminish the quality of our extended years.
The Challenge of
a Short Healthspan
We envisage a future where individuals can continue enjoying their favourite activities, spending quality time with loved ones, and maintaining independence well into their golden years.
However, the reality for many may differ, marked by chronic ailments and decreased vitality. Recent and upcoming scientific advancements offer hope that we can support our bodies through the aging process, enabling us to live these extra years with energy, enthusiasm, flexibility, and conscious recognition.
The Hallmarks of Aging
As we age, the structure, function, and processes within our cells change. The scientific community widely recognises several key factors, known as the “Hallmarks of Aging”:
Instability
Alterations
Attrition
Dysfunction
Communication
Exhaustion
Senescence
Nutrient Sensing
Proteostasis
Autophagy
Dysbiosis
These hallmarks manifest externally through changes in skin elasticity, hair colour, and pigmentation, and internally through issues like poor sleep, declining energy, altered autophagy, NAD+ levels, and telomere structure.
Tailored Support for Biological Age
At Elevate Bio, we recognise that support needs differ at various stages of biological age. Our supplements are not one-size-fits-all; they are designed to provide targeted support based on your unique biological age or lifestyle factors. Our formulations support the aging process in ways previous generations did not have access to, offering personalised solutions to enhance healthspan and improve overall well-being.
Understanding Health at a Cellular Level
Your body is made up of trillions of cells, the fundamental building blocks that provide structure and carry out essential functions for your health and wellbeing. These cells also contain your hereditary material and can replicate themselves.
Cells form specialised tissues and organ systems, working together seamlessly.
There are about 200 different types of specialised cells in the human body,
organised into tissues and organs.
Tissues: Groups of identical cells working together (e.g., muscle tissue, nervous tissue).
Organs: Various tissues working together for a common purpose (e.g., the stomach, the skin, the brain).
Traditionally, there are eleven body systems:
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
System
In addition to these eleven systems, supporting your cellular health is the foundation for overall healthy aging. By taking care of your cells, you support all eleven other body systems, promoting comprehensive wellbeing.
❝ I believe that aging is a [treatable] disease. I believe we can treat it within our lifetimes. And in doing so, I believe, everything we know about human health will be fundamentally changed ❞
Harvard University Professor and Scientist, Dr David Sinclair.
NAD水平
- NAD+ levels with precursor supplementation
- 自然NAD水平与年龄
nad+
年龄
NAD+ and its significance explained
Your health starts with your cells. Everything you do in life depends on the constant cycle of using and regenerating energy throughout your cells.
Scientists have known for decades that Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide, commonly known as NAD+ is one of the most important coenzymes found in the human body.[1] 辅酶是经过科学证明,以提高活动的所有七个去.[2] 去是一类蛋白质NAD+依赖,这意味着他们需要NAD+作为一个共同基功能正常。 当NAD水平很高,去成为更加活跃,支持细胞的功能。[3]
从本质上讲,NAD+负责各种关键的细胞功能,包括细胞生长、代谢、DNA修复,并最终的生存,使得NAD水平的科学认可的因素的影响老龄化的过程。[4] 这是由于影响它有在七个去.
随着年龄的增长,自然水平的NAD+在我们的身体下降。 证据表明,NAD的水平减少大约50%,每20年。 这表明,当人们都在50岁,他们估计有一半的NAD+因为他们没有在他们的青年。[5]
减少NAD水平相关联的是一个范围广泛的老龄问题的迹象,包括代谢紊乱、神经退行性疾病,睡眠问题,耗尽能量和皱纹或次老龄问题皮肤的肌肉功能和恢复和行使性能。[6]
虽然NAD+可以推动通过饮食,[7] 它不会完全复苏不足的水平。 酰胺单核苷酸(NMN)和Dihydronicotinamide单核苷酸(NMNH),这是减少NMN,两者都属于家的NAD+提高前体,支持补充NAD+在体内的水平。
虽然这两个首字母缩略词(NMN和NMNH)可能出现的类似,它们指的是不同的化合物有不同的作用和影响领域中的健康和生物学。
- Bieganowski、P&Brenner、C2004年发现的烟酰胺核苷作为营养和保守的NRK基因设立一个Preiss处理程序的独立的路线NAD+在真菌和人',Cell,vol。 117,没有。 4,pp.495-502.
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,pp.133-135.
- 小山雀、E2014年,'去,NAD+和老化',趋势在内分泌&新陈代谢,第一卷。 25,没有。 3,pp.219-226.
- 最近的研究成单核苷酸酰胺和老龄问题'2022年,天然产品组合,第一卷。 1,pp.1.
- 阴影,C2020年,'背后的科学NMN–一个稳定、可靠的NAD+活化剂和抗衰老分子'、综合医学,第一卷。 19,没有。 1.
- 最近的研究成单核苷酸酰胺和老龄问题'2022年,天然产品组合,第一卷。 1,pp.1.
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,爱尔兰,第135.
- 宇J2024年,第三代超级NAD+增压器、小册子。
纯NMN
Nicotinamide Mononucleotide, commonly known as NMN, is a natural molecule found in the human body, which is a derivative of niacin (Vitamin B3).[1] NMN是一个前体NAD+,这意味着它是一个基本的构建模块,影响生产率的NAD+. 这意味着NMN分子被转换成NAD+通过酶反应与细胞。[2]
酰胺核苷(R)是另一个分子,通常与增加NAD水平。 NMN和NR类似的分子,但是,NMN是一个稍大的子由于磷酸盐组。 最近的研究已经确定的一个基因的名Slc12a8,运输NMN直接通过细胞膜因此它可以被吸收进细胞。[3] 现在,研究表明,NMN是更稳定的比NR因此是一个更有效的前体用于增加NAD水平比NR。
- Grozio、Mills,K.F、吉野,J,Bruzzone、S Sociali、G、Tokizane,K,&Imai,S.我2020年,'单核苷酸酰胺:勘探多样化的治疗应用的一个潜在的分子'、生物分子,第一卷。 10,没有。 3.
- 吉野,J,Mills,K.F,Yoon,M.J,&Imai,S.I.2011年,'单核苷酸酰胺,一个关键NAD+间,治疗的病理生理学的饮食和年龄分致糖尿病小鼠',细胞的新陈代谢,第一卷。 14,没有。 4,p. 528-536.
- Grozio、Mills,K.F、吉野,J,Bruzzone、S Sociali、G、Tokizane,K,&Imai,S.我2020年,'单核苷酸酰胺:勘探多样化的治疗应用的一个潜在的分子'、生物分子,第一卷。 10,没有。 3.
超级NMNH
Dihydronicotinamide Mononucleotide (NMNH) is a reduced form of NMN, which shows clinical promise in supporting a significant surge in NAD+ levels and a faster, longer lasting and more effective absorption than any other NAD+ booster on the global market.[1] 作为新前体NAD+,研究表明,NMNH是一个潜在的更强有力NAD+增于主流市场提供NAD+前体。[2]
最近的一项研究发表在权威杂志的联合会美洲社会为实验生物(实验)已经揭示的一些NMNH的显着属性:[3]
超级NMNH
20小时的稳定NAD+增加
超级NMNH
多组织NAD+影响,5个器官
NMNH(减NMN)'s影响回荡跨越各种组织,超过了有效性NMN. 值得注意的是,NMNH触发的大量增加NAD水平内重要机构,如肝脏和肾脏,显示其潜力的全面蜂窝式的支持。 大脑肌肉、棕色的脂肪组织,并且心的所有关键中心的生物活动,也有经验的高NAD的水平,这是不可复制的NMN.[5]
超级NMNH
临床研究,目前正在进行一个更大的规模,以验证提升NMNH的效力的反对范围广泛的卫生相关的效益包括心保护,保护作用和肝脏的保护。
同时,由于其新颖性质,没有尽可能多的数据可用于NMNH因为有NMN的完全程度NMNH的潜在的和额外的临床证这些权利要求是正在调查通过持续的、广泛的临床研究。
- Zapata-Pérez,R,Tammaro,A,Schomakers,B.V.,Scantlebery,A.M.L,丹尼斯,S,Elfrink,H.L、吉罗-Gerbetant,J,Cantó、C、*洛佩斯*奥纳多,C,McIntyre,R.L,van Weeghel、M*桑切斯-Ferrer,A&Houtkooper,R.H2021,'减单核苷酸酰胺是一个新的有力的NAD+前体在哺乳动物细胞和老鼠的实验Journal,vol. 35,没有。 4.
- Zapata-Pérez, R, Tammaro, A, Schomakers, B.V., Scantlebery, A. M. L, Denis, S, Elfrink, H. L, Giroud-Gerbetant, J, Cantó, C, López-Leonardo, C, McIntyre, R. L, van Weeghel, M, Sánchez-Ferrer, Á & Houtkooper, R. H 2021, ‘Reduced Nicotinamide Mononucleotide is a New Potent NAD+ Precursor in Mammalian Cells and Mice,’ The FASEB Journal, vol. 35, no. 4
- Zapata-Pérez,R,Tammaro,A,Schomakers,B.V.,Scantlebery,A.M.L,丹尼斯,S,Elfrink,H.L、吉罗-Gerbetant,J,Cantó、C、*洛佩斯*奥纳多,C,McIntyre,R.L,van Weeghel、M*桑切斯-Ferrer,A&Houtkooper,R.H2021,'减单核苷酸酰胺是一个新的有力的NAD+前体在哺乳动物细胞和老鼠的实验Journal,vol. 35,没有。 4.
- Zapata-Pérez,R,Tammaro,A,Schomakers,B.V.,Scantlebery,A.M.L,丹尼斯,S,Elfrink,H.L、吉罗-Gerbetant,J,Cantó、C、*洛佩斯*奥纳多,C,McIntyre,R.L,van Weeghel、M*桑切斯-Ferrer,A&Houtkooper,R.H2021,'减单核苷酸酰胺是一个新的有力的NAD+前体在哺乳动物细胞和老鼠的实验Journal,vol. 35,没有。 4.
- Zapata-Pérez,R,Tammaro,A,Schomakers,B.V.,Scantlebery,A.M.L,丹尼斯,S,Elfrink,H.L、吉罗-Gerbetant,J,Cantó、C、*洛佩斯*奥纳多,C,McIntyre,R.L,van Weeghel、M*桑切斯-Ferrer,A&Houtkooper,R.H2021,'减单核苷酸酰胺是一个新的有力的NAD+前体在哺乳动物细胞和老鼠的实验Journal,vol. 35,没有。 4.
纯NMN与超级NMNH
纯NMN和超NMNH都属于家NAD+提高前体,支持补充NAD+在体内的水平。[1]
While both Pure NMN and Super NMNH increase NAD+ levels, Super NMNH has shown clinical promise in supporting a 10X surge in NAD+ levels and a faster, longer lasting and more effective absorption than any other NAD+ booster on the global market. In other words, essentially Super NMNH is potentially more potent, thus more effective than Pure NMN.[2]
临床研究,目前正在进行一个更大的规模,以验证超NMNH的效力的反对范围广泛的卫生相关的效益包括心脏、神经保护和肝脏的保护。
Whilst Super NMNH does not have as much data available as Pure NMN, the full extent of Super NMNH’s potential and additional clinical verification of these claims is being investigated through ongoing, extensive clinical studies on humans. To be notified of the latest peer-reviewed publications Please click here to join our mailing list.
被通知的最新的同行审查的出版物请来加入我们的邮件列表。
- 刘、Y、罗、C、Li、T、张,W,宗,Z,Liu X&邓,H(2021),'减单核苷酸酰胺(NMNH)有效提高NAD+和禁止显示个人的糖酵解,TCA循环,以及细胞的增长,Journal of蛋白质组学的研究,第一卷。 20中,没有。 5,pp.2596-2606.
- 刘、Y、罗、C、Li、T、张,W,宗,Z,Liu X&邓,H(2021),'减单核苷酸酰胺(NMNH)有效提高NAD+和禁止显示个人的糖酵解,TCA循环,以及细胞的增长,Journal of蛋白质组学的研究,第一卷。 20中,没有。 5,pp.2596-2606.
20Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,爱尔兰,第134.
Pure Resveratrol
Pure Resveratrol is a polyphenolic compound belonging to the polyphenols’ stilbenoids group.[1] Pure Resveratrol is naturally occurring and can be found in more than 70 plant species including red grapes, berries, peanuts and even red wine.[2]
Resveratrol was first recognised for its anti-cancer activity in 1997, and since then, it has paved the way for longevity supplements.[3] As a dietary supplement, studies demonstrate promising results that Pure Resveratrol increases DNA repair and cell renewal.
- Activation of sirtuins:
Pure Resveratrol is renowned for activating a family of proteins in living organisms called sirtuins, particularly SIRT1. Sirtuins are involved in regulating cellular processes, such as DNA repair, inflammation and mitochondrial function.[4] - Antioxidant properties:
Pure Resveratrol acts as an antioxidant, helping to neutralize harmful free radicals that can damage cells and contribute to aging processes.[5] - Anti-inflammatory effects:
Chronic inflammation is associated with various age-related diseases. Pure Resveratrol has demonstrated anti-inflammatory properties that may help reduce inflammation and its negative effects on health.[6] - Enhanced mitochondrial function:
Resveratrol has been shown to enhance mitochondria function. Mitochondria are the powerhouse of cells, responsible for energy production.[7]
- Salehi, B, Mishra, A, Nigam, M, Sener, B, Kilic, M, Sharifi-Rad, M, Fokou, P, Martins, N & Sharifi-Rad, J 2018,‘Resveratrol: A Double-Edged Sword in Health Benefits’, Biomedicines, vol. 6. no. 3, pp. 91.
- Salehi, B, Mishra, A, Nigam, M, Sener, B, Kilic, M, Sharifi-Rad, M, Fokou, P, Martins, N & Sharifi-Rad, J 2018, ‘Resveratrol: A Double-Edged Sword in Health Benefits’, Biomedicines, vol. 6. no. 3, pp. 91.
- Meng, X, Zhou, J, Zhao, C, Gan, R & Li, H 2020, ’Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol: A Narrative Review’, Foods, vol. 9, no. 3.
- Sarubbo, F, Esteban, S, Miralles, A & Moranta, D 2018, ’Effects of Resveratrol and other Polyphenols on Sirt1: Relevance to Brain Function During Aging’, Curr Neuropharmacol, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 126-136.
- Salehi, B, Mishra, A, Nigam, M, Sener, B, Kilic, M, Sharifi-Rad, M, Fokou, P, Martins, N & Sharifi-Rad, J 2018, ‘Resveratrol: A Double-Edged Sword in Health Benefits’, Biomedicines, vol. 6. no. 3, pp. 91.
- Meng, X, Zhou, J, Zhao, C, Gan, R & Li, H 2020, ’Health Benefits and Molecular Mechanisms of Resveratrol: A Narrative Review’, Foods, vol. 9, no. 3.
- Sarubbo, F, Esteban, S, Miralles, A & Moranta, D 2018, ’Effects of Resveratrol and other Polyphenols on Sirt1: Relevance to Brain Function During Aging’, Curr Neuropharmacol, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 126-136.
Pure Apigenin
Pure Apigenin belongs to the largest group of naturally occurring polyphenols called flavonoids.[1] The bioactive compound is found in a range of foods, notably chamomile, parsley and celery.[2]
As a dietary supplement, studies show promising results that Pure Apigenin increases cognitive health and function, promotes relaxation, reduces anxiety, and enhances sleep quality.
- Anxiolytic and sedative effects:
Found in chamomile, Pure Apigenin contributes to the calming effects of chamomile tea. It binds to benzodiazepine receptors in the brain, which can help reduce anxiety and promote relaxation and sleep.[3] - Neuroprotective effects:
Pure Apigenin has been found to have neuroprotective properties, which may help in preventing neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s. It can enhance brain function and protect neurons from damage.[4] - Stress reduction effects:
Cortisol is a hormone released in response to stress. High levels of cortisol over prolonged periods can lead to various health issues, including chronic stress. Pure Apigenin has been shown to modulate the release of cortisol, thereby helping to reduce stress levels.[5] - Memory enhancement:
Some studies suggest that Pure Apigenin may improve memory and learning ability. [6]
- Salehi, B, Venditti, A, Sharifi-Rad, M, Kregiel, D, Sharifi-Rad, J, Durazzo, A, Lucarini, M, Sanrini, A, Souto, E, Novellino, E, Antolak, H, Azzini, E, Setzer, W & Martins, N 2019, ’The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 20, no. 6.
- Salehi, B, Venditti, A, Sharifi-Rad, M, Kregiel, D, Sharifi-Rad, J, Durazzo, A, Lucarini, M, Sanrini, A, Souto, E, Novellino, E, Antolak, H, Azzini, E, Setzer, W & Martins, N 2019, ’The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 20, no. 6.
- Gazola, A, Gosta, G, Castellanos, L, Ramos, F, Reginatto, F, de Lima, T, Schenkel, E 2015, ‘Involvement of GABAergic pathway in the sedative activity of apigenin, the main flavonoid from Passiflora quadrangularis pericarp’, Revista Brasileira de Farmacogenosia, vol. 25, no. 3.
- Charriere, K, Schneider, V, Perrignon-Sommet, M, Lizard, G, Benani, A, Jacquin-Piques, A & Vejux, A 2024, ‘Exploring the Role of Apigenin in Neuroinflammation: insights and Implications’, Pub Med Central, vol. 25, no.9.
- Salehi, B, Venditti, A, Sharifi-Rad, M, Kregiel, D, Sharifi-Rad, J, Durazzo, A, Lucarini, M, Sanrini, A, Souto, E, Novellino, E, Antolak, H, Azzini, E, Setzer, W & Martins, N 2019, ’The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 20, no. 6.
- Salehi, B, Venditti, A, Sharifi-Rad, M, Kregiel, D, Sharifi-Rad, J, Durazzo, A, Lucarini, M, Sanrini, A, Souto, E, Novellino, E, Antolak, H, Azzini, E, Setzer, W & Martins, N 2019, ’The Therapeutic Potential of Apigenin’, International Journal of Molecular Sciences, vol. 20, no. 6.
Pure Berberine
Pure Berberine is classified as an alkaloid, which is a type of organic compound that often has pharmacological effects on humans.[1] Berberine is primarily extracted from the roots, rhizomes, stems and bark of several plant species including turmeric trees and barberry.[2]
Pure Berberine has been used in traditional medicine systems, such as Chinese medicine for centuries.[3] In recent years, Pure Berberine has become more prominent as a health supplement due to scientific research that shows its promising results in weight management.
- Weight loss:
Studies suggest that Pure Berberine may help with weight loss by improving metabolic functions and reducing body fat. It also helps regulate hormones related to fat storage and appetite.[4] - Blood sugar regulation:
Pure Berberine has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and lower blood glucose levels. It activates AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a key regulator of cellular energy balance, which can help manage type 2 diabetes.[5] - Cholesterol and lipid management:
Pure Berberine can help lower total cholesterol, LDL (bad) cholesterol, and triglycerides while increasing HDL (good) cholesterol. This can contribute to better cardiovascular health.[6]
- Tillhon, M, Ortiz, L, Lombardi, P & Scovassi, A 2012, ’Berberine: New perspectives for old remedies’, Biochemical Pharmacology, vol. 84, no. 10, pp. 1260-1267.
- Prajwala, B, Raghu, N, Gopennath, TS, Shanmukhappa, B, Karthikeyan, M, Ashok, G, Ranjith, M, Srinivasan, V & Basalingappa, K 2020, ’Berberine And Its Pharmacology Potential: A Review’, European Journal of Biomedical And Pharmaceutical Science, vol. 7, no. 5, pp. 115-123.
- Ye, Y, Liu, X, Wu, N, Han, Y, Wang, J, Yu, Y & Chen, Q 2021, ‘Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone for Several Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12.
- Ye, Y, Liu, X, Wu, N, Han, Y, Wang, J, Yu, Y & Chen, Q 2021, ‘Efficacy and Safety of Berberine Alone for Several Metabolic Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials’, Frontiers in Pharmacology, vol. 12.
- Yin, J, Xing, H & Ye, J 2008, ’Efficacy of Berberine in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus’, Metabolism Clinical and Experimental, vol. 57, no. 5, pp. 712-717.
- Kong, W, Wei, J, Abidi, P, Lin, M, Inaba, S, Li, C, Wang, Y, Wang, Z, Si, S, Pan, H, Wang, S, Wu, J, Wang, Y, Li, Z, Liu, J & Jiang, J 2004, ’Berberine is a novel cholesterol-lowering drug working through a unique mechanism distinct from statins’, Nature Medicine, vol. 10, pp. 1344-1351.
120+ years of scientific research on NAD+
1909
1929
Hans von Euler-Chelpin purified the NAD+ molecule, and discovered the initial insights into the chemical structure and characteristics of the co-factor essential for facilitating fermentation reactions. Von Euler-Chelpin and Harden were awarded the Nobel Prize for their pioneering research into fermentation.[2]
1936
1938
1948
1980
2004
2004
2011
2018
The World Health Organization (WHO) released the 11th edition of its International Classification of Diseases, and for the first time, added aging. [R] The classification of ‘aging as a disease’ paved the way for new research into novel therapeutics like NAD+ boosting supplementation, to delay or reverse age-related illnesses.
2019
Harvard Professor, Dr David Sinclair’s book ‘Lifespan’ is published, drawing much global attention on the benefits of boosting NAD+ levels to reduce age related disease. [R]
2021
2022
2023
2024
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,爱尔兰,第134.
- *冯*欧拉Chelpin,H1930年,'发酵的糖和酵酵素',诺贝尔演讲,瑞典的斯德哥尔摩。
- 吡啶,C.W&Warburg、O1936年,'Der wasserstoffübertragende的von Gärungsfermenten(翻译:氢转移的组成部分的发酵酵素)',黑体化学学学报,vol. 19,没有。 1,p. 79-88.
- Elvehjem,C.,et al.1974年,'隔离和识别的反黑人的舌头的因素,营养评论,vol. 32,no. 2,p. 48至50.
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,爱尔兰,第134.
- Kornberg,1948年,'的参与无机磷酸中的可逆的酶的合成diphosphopyridine核苷酸',J.Chem Biol,第一卷。 176,没有。 3,第1475.
- 宇J2024年,第三代超级NAD+增压器、小册子。
- Bieganowski,P等人,2004年,'发现的烟酰胺核苷作为营养和保守的NRK基因设立一个Preiss处理程序的独立的路线NAD+在真菌和人',Cell,vol。 117,没有。 4,pp.495-502.
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,爱尔兰,第135.
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,爱尔兰,第135.
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,第136.
- Sinclair,D&LaPlante,M2019年,使用寿命:为什么我们年龄和为什么我们没有,柯林斯出版社,爱尔兰都柏林,第136.
- Clinical Trials